Development of a compounded propofol nanoemulsion using multiple non-invasive process analytical technologies.

Propofol is the preferred anaesthetic for induction and maintenance of sedation in critically ill mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. However, during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, regular supply chains could not keep up with the sudden increase in global demand, causing drug shortages. Propofol is formulated as an oil-in-water emulsion which is administered intravenously. This study explores the extemporaneous preparation of a propofol emulsion without specialized manufacturing equipment to temporally alleviate such shortages. A commercially available lipid emulsion (IVLE, SMOFlipid 20 %), intended for parenteral nutrition, was used to create a propofol loaded nanoemulsion via addition of liquid propofol drug substance and subsequent mixing. Critical quality attributes such as mean droplet size and the volume-weighted percentage of large-diameter (>5µm) droplets were studied. The evolution of droplet size and propofol distribution was monitored in situ and non-destructively, maintaining sterility, using Spatially Resolved Dynamic Light Scattering and Near Infrared Spectroscopy, respectively. Using response surface methodology, an optimum was found for a 4 % w/v propofol formulation with a ∼15 min mixing time in a flask shaker at a 40° shaking angle. This study shows that extemporaneous compounding is a viable option for emergency supply of propofol drug product during global drug shortages.