An update on safety evaluation of immune-based combinations in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.

Introduction: Significant advances have been made in the first-line therapy of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) since the approval of immune-based combinations, including nivolumab plus ipilimumab or cabozantinib, and pembrolizumab plus axitinib or lenvatinib.

Areas Covered: The aim of this review is to compare the different safety profiles of first-line immune-based combinations versus sunitinib across the four respective pivotal trials (CheckMate 214, CheckMate 9ER, KEYNOTE-426, and CLEAR), with a particular attention to patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) assessment.

Expert Opinion: The concurrent use of an immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) as a first-line treatment strategy for mRCC has highlighted the unmet clinical need for prompt detection and consequently proper management of adverse events (AEs), both immune-related and TKI-induced. Overlapping AEs, such as hypertransaminasemia, are most challenging to manage, and evidence is still outlined from clinical practice. The specific patterns of toxicities of the approved first-line immune-based combinations, along with the impact of these interventions on patients' HRQoL, demand a deeper consideration by physicians while choosing the appropriate treatment for each individual mRCC patient. Both safety profile and HRQoL evaluation could be exploited to guide the first-line treatment selection in this setting.