Protected habitats support bats in Mediterranean dry grasslands.

The replacement of natural habitats by urbanization and agricultural land reclamation is one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. Among European habitat types, natural grasslands are particularly prone to anthropogenic pressures, being also recognized as conservation priorities within the Habitats Directive. Nonetheless, little is known on the relationship between grasslands, their conservation quality, and most animals' taxa that may rely upon them. Here we focus on the role of Mediterranean dry grasslands protected by the EU legislation in sustaining bat populations, setting our study in the biodiversity hotspot of Mediterranean Italy. By conducting acoustic surveillance at 48 sites within a protected area devoted to conserve natural and semi-natural grasslands, we found that all the bat species found in the area are regular exploiters of such open environments. Grassland conservation quality, in terms of extent of high-diversity protected habitats, was the key factor shaping the use of grasslands by bats of all the considered guilds, together with several terrain and landscape features, which showed more guild-specific effects. Moreover, our results indicate that bat assemblages are functionally shifted along an ecological gradient from highly modified to well-conserved grassland sites, indicating a prevalence of opportunistic taxa in the former, and higher abundance of species of conservation concern in the latter. Overall, we demonstrate that the effects of EU-listed habitats may extend also onto bats in the case of Mediterranean dry grasslands, highlighting the importance of preserving such habitats as a tool for conserving highly mobile species.