Gestational weight gain in women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity and anthropometry of infants at birth.

Objective: To examine the association of gestational weight gain (GWG) among women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity with infant weight and BMI z-score at birth.

Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial including data from 208 infants at birth born by mothers with pre-pregnancy BMI between 28 and 45 kg/m who completed the APPROACH study (randomized to a high-protein low-glycemic index diet or a moderate-protein moderate-glycemic index diet). This analysis pooled the two diet treatment groups together and data were analyzed using a linear mixed model.

Results: Limiting GWG by 1 kg was associated with lower birthweight (-16 g,  = 0.003), BMI z-score (-0.03SD,  = 0.019), weight z-score (-0.03SD,  = 0.004), and infant abdominal circumference (-0.06 cm,  = 0.039). Infants born by mothers whose GWG was ≤9 kg weighed less (122 g, 95% CI: 6-249,  = 0.040), had similar BMI z-score (0.2SD, 95% CI: -0.06 to 0.55,  = 0.120), and lower incidence of emergency cesarean deliveries (11.5% vs. 23.1%,  = 0.044) compared to infants born by mothers whose GWG was >9 kg. When women were classified into GWG quartiles, women in Q1 (GWG range: -7.0 to 3.2 kg) gave birth to smaller infants (3,420 g,  = 0.015) with lower BMI z-score (-0.5SD,  = 0.041) than women in Q2 (3.3-7.1 kg), Q3 (7.2-10.9 kg) and Q4 (11.1-30.2 kg).

Conclusions: Limiting GWG among women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity was associated with lower infant weight, BMI z-score, weight z-score, and abdominal circumference at birth. Moreover, GWG below the Institute of Medicine guideline of a maximum of 9 kg was associated with lower birthweight and fewer emergency cesarean deliveries.