Immunosuppression in aqueous-deficient dry eye disease (ADDE) is required not only to improve the symptoms and signs but also to prevent further progression of the disease and its sight-threatening sequelae. This immunomodulation can be achieved through topical and/or systemic medications, and the choice of one drug over the other is determined by the underlying systemic disease. These immunosuppressive agents require a minimum of 6-8 weeks to achieve their beneficial effect, and during this time, the patient is usually placed on topical corticosteroids. Antimetabolites such as methotrexate, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil, along with calcineurin inhibitors, are commonly used as first-line medications. The latter have a pivotal role in immunomodulation since T cells contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of ocular surface inflammation in dry eye disease. Alkylating agents are largely limited to controlling acute exacerbations with pulse doses of cyclophosphamide. Biologic agents, such as rituximab, are particularly useful in patients with refractory disease. Each group of drugs has its own side-effect profiles and requires a stringent monitoring schedule that must be followed to prevent systemic morbidity. A customized combination of topical and systemic medications is usually required to achieve adequate control, and this review aims to help the clinician choose the most appropriate modality and monitoring regimen for a given case of ADDE.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/IJO.IJO_2818_22 | DOI Listing |
Ophthalmic Physiol Opt
January 2025
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Purpose: To assess the repeatability of lipid layer thickness (LLT) measurement using the LipiView® interferometer after daily disposable contact lens (CL) wear and correlation with ocular comfort in soft contact lens wearers.
Methods: A prospective study was conducted over two consecutive months, wherein CL wearers (n = 20) wore either Somofilcon A or Verofilcon A daily disposable CLs in a crossover design, switching lenses after 1 month. The pre-corneal tear film LLT was measured at the end of each month after CLs had been worn for at least 6 h.
Ocul Surf
January 2025
Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Electronic address:
Unlabelled: Dry eye disease is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface with increasing global prevalence, yet no universally accepted "gold standard" exists for its diagnosis or severity assessment. Tear matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is widely recognized as a valuable biomarker for dry eye, yet there remains a critical need for a simple, accurate, and broadly applicable method for its quantification. This study aims to develop and evaluate a Schirmer strip-based Eu-time resolved fluorescence immunochromatography (Eu-TRFICO) method for the quantitative detection of MMP-9 in tears.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnn Med
December 2025
Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
Purpose: To evaluate levels of 3 tear-soluble neuropeptides in dry eye patients and to identify the correlations with clinical signs and symptoms.
Methods: A total of 16 dry eye patients and 12 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Dry eye disease (DED) diagnosis was based on the 2017 Report of the Tear Film & Ocular Surface Society International Dry Eye Workshop (TFOS DEWS II).
Am J Transl Res
December 2024
Eye Center, Ninghai First Hospital Ningbo 315600, Zhejiang, China.
Objective: To evaluate the effects of Moisture Chamber Goggles combined with Fluorometholone eye drops on visual function and oxidative stress in patients with dry eye disease.
Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 80 patients with dry eye disease treated at Ninghai First Hospital from January 2021 to May 2023. Patients were divided into a combination group (n=40, receiving Fluorometholone eye drops and Moisture Chamber Goggles) and a monotherapy group (n=40, receiving Fluorometholone eye drops alone) based on treatment regimens.
NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes
January 2025
Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a prevalent systemic autoimmune disease with substantial impacts on women's health worldwide. Although oral Haemophilus parainfluenzae is reduced in SS, its significance remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the pathophysiological role of H.
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