Combined Training Improves Executive Functions Without Changing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels of Middle-Aged and Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) provokes executive function and long-term memory decrements, and aerobic plus resistance training (combined training) may alleviate this T2DM-related cognitive impairment. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have been found to be related to cognitive performance.

Aim: To analyze the effects of 8-week combined training on executive functions and circulating BDNF levels of subjects with T2DM and verify the association between BDNF levels and combined training-induced changes in executive functions and long-term memory.

Methods: Thirty-five (63±8 years old) subjects of both sexes were allocated to combined training (=17 thrice weekly for 8 weeks) or the control group (=18). Executive functions (evaluated through Trail making test, Stroop color task, and Digit Span), long-term memory (evaluated through the Taylor Complex Figure Test simplified), and plasma samples were compared pre- and post-intervention.

Results: Combined training improved executive function z-score compared to control (1.31). Otherwise, BDNF levels were not statistically altered (combined training group: 179±88 pg/mL 148±108 pg/mL; control group: 163±71 pg/mL 141±84 pg/mL, >0.05). However, pre-training BDNF levels explained 50.4% of the longitudinal improvements in composite executive function z-score (=0.71, <0.01), 33.6% of inhibitory control (0.58; =0.02), and 31.4% of cognitive flexibility (0.56, 0.04) in the combined training group.

Conclusion: Combined training improved executive functions independently of alterations in resting BDNF levels after 8 weeks. Furthermore, pre-training BDNF levels explained one-half of the variance in combined training-induced improvements in executive functions.