Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Introduction: Titanium oxide (TiO) is a widely used oxidizer for environmental management. The power of TiO has been demonstrated by its photocatalytic activity. Hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated TiO (HA-TiO) was used to test the effect on dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.
Material And Methods: Mice were monitored for body weight and then sacrificed on the seventh day, and the colon length was measured. Their faeces were analysed for intestinal microbiota distribution, and colon tissue was subjected to histological examination and immunohistochemical analysis.
Results: Weight loss was significantly lower in HA-TiO-fed mice than in mice without HA-TiO. The colon length in the DSS colitis-induced mice was shortened, but HA-TiO feeding lessened this effect. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the colon revealed that macrophages and CD4CD8 T cells were observed in the colitis-occurring site, indicating the involvement of innate and acquired immunity in determining the degree of DSS-induced colitis. Intestinal microbiota analysis in faeces revealed changes in the distribution of multiple bacterial species after DSS colitis induction, and the increase/decrease of 2 Clostridium (sub)clusters moved in response to the colitis phenomenon. All the described effects of HA-TiO2 were photocatalytic activity-dependent because mice that were kept in the dark showed similar results to those treated with DSS alone without HA-TiO.
Conclusions: HA-coated TiO ameliorated DSS-induced colitis through photocatalytic activity, while HA-TiO diminished the changes in intestinal microbiota and immune reactions caused by DSS.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10050987 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pg.2022.120151 | DOI Listing |
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