Background: During near-viewing, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) response/gain increases to compensate for the relatively larger translation of the eyes with respect to the target.
Objective: To review vergence-mediated gain increase (VMGI) testing methods stimuli and responses (latency and amplitude), peripheral/central pathways and clinical relevance.
Methods: The authors discuss publications listed in PUBMED since 1980 in the light of their own studies.
Results: The VMGI can be measured during rotational, linear and combined head accelerations. It has short-latency, non-compensatory amplitude, and relies on irregularly discharging peripheral afferents and their pathways. It is driven by a combination of perception, visual-context and internal modelling.
Conclusions: Currently, there are technical barriers that hinder VMGI measurement in the clinic. However, the VMGI may have diagnostic value, especially with regards to measuring otolith function. The VMGI also may have potential value in rehabilitation by providing insight about a patient's lesion and how to best tailor a rehabilitation program for them, that potentially includes VOR adaptation training during near-viewing.
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The vergence-mediated gain increase: Physiology and clinical relevance.
J Vestib Res
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Balance and Vision Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia.
Background: During near-viewing, the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) response/gain increases to compensate for the relatively larger translation of the eyes with respect to the target.
Objective: To review vergence-mediated gain increase (VMGI) testing methods stimuli and responses (latency and amplitude), peripheral/central pathways and clinical relevance.
Methods: The authors discuss publications listed in PUBMED since 1980 in the light of their own studies.
Vergence increases the amplitude of lateral ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials.
Exp Brain Res
April 2021
Department of Otolaryngology, Karl Landsteiner University Hospital Krems, Mitterweg 10, 3500, Krems an der Donau, Austria.
The angular and linear vestibulo-ocular reflex responses are greater when viewing near targets to compensate for the relatively larger translation of the eyes with respect to the target. Our aim was to measure vestibular evoked myogenic potentials using a lateral ocular electrode montage (oVEMP) with a laterally applied stimulus using a mini-shaker during both far- and near-viewing (vergence) distances to determine whether vergence affects the oVEMP response as it does the semicircular canal vestibulo-ocular reflex response. Our results show that during vergence, the p1 and n1-p1 amplitude of the lateral oVEMP response increases significantly, whereas the latencies do not change significantly.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAbsence of a vergence-mediated vestibulo-ocular reflex gain increase does not preclude adaptation.
J Vestib Res
October 2021
Balance and Vision Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Background: The gain (eye-velocity/head-velocity) of the angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) during head impulses can be increased while viewing near-targets and when exposed to unilateral, incremental retinal image velocity error signals. It is not clear however, whether the tonic or phasic vestibular pathways mediate these gain increases.
Objective: Determine whether a shared pathway is responsible for gain enhancement between vergence and adaptation of aVOR gain in patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH).
Transmastoid galvanic stimulation does not affect the vergence-mediated gain increase of the human angular vestibulo-ocular reflex.
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Balance and Vision Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Cnr Barker Street & Easy Street, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
Vergence is one of several viewing contexts that require an increase in the angular vestibular-ocular reflex (aVOR) response. A previous monkey study found that the vergence-mediated gain (eye/head velocity) increase of the aVOR was attenuated by 64 % when anodic currents, which preferentially lower the activity of irregularly firing vestibular afferents, were delivered to both labyrinths. We sought to determine whether there was similar evidence implicating a role for irregular afferents in the vergence-mediated gain increase of the human aVOR.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVergence-mediated modulation of the human angular vestibulo-ocular reflex is unaffected by canal plugging.
Exp Brain Res
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Laboratory of Vestibular Neurophysiology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Building, Room 710, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
The angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (AVOR) normally has an increased response during vergence on a near target. Some lines of evidence suggest that different vestibular afferent classes may contribute differentially to the vergence effect. For example, lesions that selectively affect those afferents sensitive to acceleration, i.
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