In this work, we present power and quality measurements of four transmissions using different emission technologies in an indoor environment, specifically a corridor, at the frequency of 868 MHz under two non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. A narrowband (NB) continuous wave (CW) signal has been transmitted, and its received power has been measured with a spectrum analyzer, LoRa and Zigbee signals have also been transmitted, and their Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and bit error rate (BER) have been measured using the transceivers themselves; finally, a 20 MHz bandwidth 5G QPSK signal has also been transmitted and their quality parameters, such as SS-RSRP, SS-RSRQ and SS-RINR, have been measured using a SA. Thereafter, two fitting models, the Close-in (CI) model and the Floating-Intercept (FI) model, were used to analyze the path loss. The results show that slopes below 2 for the NLOS-1 zone and above 3 for the NLOS-2 zone have been found. Moreover, the CI and FI model behave very similarly in the NLOS-1 zone, while in the NLOS-2 zone, the CI model has poor accuracy in contrast to the FI model, which achieves the best accuracy in both NLOS situations. From these models, the power predicted with the FI model has been correlated with the measured BER value, and power margins have been established for which LoRa and Zigbee would each reach a BER greater than 5%; likewise, -18 dB has been established for the SS-RSRQ of 5G transmission.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23063283 | DOI Listing |
Sensors (Basel)
November 2024
Transport Faculty, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
Integrating road vehicles into broader Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystems is an important step in the development of fully connected and smart transportation systems. This research explores the potential of using communication technologies that achieve a balance between low-power and long-range (LPLR) capabilities while remaining cost-effective, specifically Bluetooth Classic BR-EDR, Bluetooth LE, ZigBee, nRF24, and LoRa-for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) and Vehicle-to-IoT (V2IoT) ecosystem interactions. During this research, several field tests were conducted employing different types of communication modules, across three distinct environments: an open-field inter-urban road, a forest inter-urban road, and an urban road.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEntropy (Basel)
December 2023
School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
With the rapid development of the internet of things (IoT), hundreds of millions of IoT devices, such as smart home appliances, intelligent-connected vehicles, and wearable devices, have been connected to the network. The open nature of IoT makes it vulnerable to cybersecurity threats. Traditional cryptography-based encryption methods are not suitable for IoT due to their complexity and high communication overhead requirements.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Monit Assess
September 2023
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
The development of contemporary artificial intelligence (AI) methods such as artificial neural networks (ANNs) has given researchers around the world new opportunities to address climate change and air quality issues. The small size, low cost, and low power consumption of sensors can facilitate obtaining the values of polluting gases in the atmosphere. However, several problems with using air pollution technique relate to various effects such as sensing accuracy, sensor drifts, and sluggish reactions to changes in pollution levels.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSensors (Basel)
June 2023
Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
At present, IoT and intelligent applications are developed on a large scale. However, these types of new applications require stable wireless connectivity with sensors, based on several standards of communication, such as ZigBee, LoRA, nRF, Bluetooth, or cellular (LTE, 5G, etc.).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSensors (Basel)
March 2023
Information Technologies and Communications Department, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain.
In this work, we present power and quality measurements of four transmissions using different emission technologies in an indoor environment, specifically a corridor, at the frequency of 868 MHz under two non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. A narrowband (NB) continuous wave (CW) signal has been transmitted, and its received power has been measured with a spectrum analyzer, LoRa and Zigbee signals have also been transmitted, and their Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and bit error rate (BER) have been measured using the transceivers themselves; finally, a 20 MHz bandwidth 5G QPSK signal has also been transmitted and their quality parameters, such as SS-RSRP, SS-RSRQ and SS-RINR, have been measured using a SA. Thereafter, two fitting models, the Close-in (CI) model and the Floating-Intercept (FI) model, were used to analyze the path loss.
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