Antimicrobial Resistance Molecular Mechanisms of in Jordanian Children: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Background: antimicrobial resistance causes increasing treatment failure rates among gastritis in children. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance among Jordanian children.

Methods: Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were recorded for children referred to Prince Hamzah Hospital. Clarithromycin, Metronidazole, and Levofloxacin susceptibility were tested via E-test. Clarithromycin-related mutations were investigated using Real-Time (RT)-PCR and Levofloxacin resistance was analyzed with DNA sequencing of the gene.

Results: 116 children were recruited, including 55.2% females and 55.2% in the age range of 10.1 to 14 years. A total of 82.7% were naïve to eradication therapy. positivity was 93.9%, 89.6%, 61.7%, and 84.3% according to Rapid Urease Test, histology, culture, and RT-PCR, respectively. Resistance rates were 25.9% for Clarithromycin, 50% for Metronidazole, and 6.9% for Levofloxacin via E-test. A2142G or A2143G or a combination of both mutations concerning Clarithromycin resistance were documented in 26.1% of samples, while mutations in gen-related to Levofloxacin resistance were reported in 5.3% of samples. Antibiotic resistance was significantly affected by abdominal pain, anemia, hematemesis, and histological findings ( < 0.05).

Conclusion: resistance was documented for Metronidazole and Clarithromycin. RT-PCR for identification and microbial resistance determination are valuable alternatives for cultures in determining antimicrobial susceptibility.