Global distribution patterns of Caligus Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Caligidae) associated to teleost fishes, with physiological and histopathological data and description of treatment strategies.

This review surveyed information on Caligus Müller, 1785 to identify global infestation patterns and geographic distribution in teleost fishes, as well as physiological and histopathological data and description of treatment strategies. A total 990 samples of Caligus spp. (N = 212 species) obtained of 233 scientific papers on farmed and wild teleost species from 99 families and 30 orders were used, and the highest number of occurrences was on Carangidae. Caligus spp. was predominantly found in marine environments, and only Caligus lacustris and Caligus epidemicus were found in teleost fish of freshwater environments. There was a high prevalence of Caligus spp. on hosts and infestation occurred predominantly in both the tegument and the gills. Caligus species are distributed across different countries and some particularities were identified and discussed. Caligus elongatus and Caligus bonito bonito had the broadest geographic distribution. Histomorphological and hematological disorders caused by infestation by Caligus spp. were reported and discussed, as well as chemotherapeutic products used for controlling and treating the infestations. Variation in the distribution and geographic patterns of Caligus spp. were little evident in many ecosystems and due to the limited data on the infestation of these sea lice on teleost populations in different regions.