Background: Native walnut protein is an alkali-soluble protein that seriously limits the application of walnut protein. The pH-shifting method could improve the solubility of walnut proteins and enable the encapsulation of active ingredients. The present study aimed to prepare water-soluble nanoparticles of curcumin using walnut protein and evaluate the process of walnut protein self-assembly, interaction between walnut protein and curcumin, encapsulation properties, and stability of nanoparticles.
Results: The solubility of native walnut protein was poor, but the solubility of walnut protein nanoparticles (WPNP) formed by walnut protein after pH-shifting significantly improved to 91.5 ± 1.2%. This is because, during the process of pH changing from 7 to 12 and back to 7, walnut protein first unfolded under alkaline conditions and then refolded under pH drive, finally forming an internal hydrophobic and external hydrophilic shell-core structures. The quenching type of walnut protein and curcumin was static quenching, and the quenching constant was 2.0 × 10 mol L s , indicating that the interaction between walnut protein and curcumin was non-covalent. Adding curcumin resulted in the formation of nanoparticles with small particle size compared with the no-load. The loading capacity of curcumin-loaded walnut protein nanoparticles (WPNP-C) was 222 mg g walnut protein isolate. Under the same mass, the curcumin equivalent concentration in aqueous solution of WPNP-C was 17 000 times higher than that of the native curcumin.
Conclusion: The solubility of the self-assembled WPNP significantly increased after pH-shifting treatment. The walnut protein carrier could improve the stability of the encapsulated curcumin. Therefore, walnut proteins could be used as water-soluble carriers for hydrophobic drugs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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