Effects of Consuming Fermented Fish (Surströmming) on the Fecal Microflora in Healthy Individuals.

, a Swedish fermented fish, loved by some and avoided by others, occurs in many reports on improved or cured gastrointestinal problems even by a single meal. We tested the hypothesis that the microbes of the fermented food might have a potency to modify the gut microbiome. Two groups of voluntary participants (11 male, 8 female; aged 20-80 years) were exposed to a single meal containing the fish. A 7-day dietary intervention was carried out comprising the fish as the main source of protein in a single adult. The microbiome was characterized using 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing. Individual community-level changes in the microbiome were compared, as well as the presence of bacteria associated with the fermented fish. We focused on Shannon alpha and UniFrac beta diversity. We did not detect any global changes in the gut microbiome in response to , nor were we able to recover and identify any members of , which were associated with and abundant in the ingested fish, in the stool samples of the participants. Our results suggest that consumption does not alter the microbiome of healthy individuals. However, beneficial effects on a diseased gut, impaired gut microbiome, or other effects in disease remain to be studied.