Cognitive restructuring and psychotherapy outcome: A meta-analytic review.

Cognitive restructuring (CR) is one method that is hypothesized to play a role in the process of change across many psychotherapies and for a variety of clinical presentations. In this article, we define and illustrate CR. We then present a meta-analysis of four studies (including a total of 353 clients) examining the effect of CR measured within session on psychotherapy outcomes. The overall CR-outcome association was = .35 (95% CI [.24, .44]; equivalent of = 0.85). While more research on CR and immediate psychotherapy outcomes is needed, there is accumulating encouraging evidence regarding the therapeutic effect of CR. We conclude by advancing implications for clinical training and therapeutic practices. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).