SARS-CoV-2 Infection During the First and Second Pandemic Waves in Spain: the ENE-COVID Study.

Am J Public Health

Beatriz Pérez-Gómez, Roberto Pastor-Barriuso, Nerea Fernández-de-Larrea, Pablo Fernández-Navarro, and Marina Pollán are with the National Centre for Epidemiology and the Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. Miguel A. Hernán is with the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Mayte Pérez-Olmeda, Jesús Oteo-Iglesias, and Aurora Fernández-García are with the National Centre for Microbiology and the Consortium for Biomedical Research in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), ISCIII. Mariano Martín, José L. Sanmartín, Juan F. Muñoz-Montalvo, and Faustino Blanco are with the Deputy Directorate of Information Technologies, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain. Israel Cruz is with the National School of Public Health, ISCIII. José León-Paniagua and Raquel Yotti are with ISCIII.

Published: May 2023

To describe participant characteristics associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in Spain's first 2 COVID-19 waves per the Spanish National Seroepidemiological Survey of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (ENE-COVID). A representative cohort of the noninstitutionalized Spanish population, selected through stratified 2-stage sampling, answered a questionnaire and received point-of-care testing April to June 2020 (first wave: n = 68 287); previously seronegative participants repeated the questionnaire and test November 2020 (second wave: n = 44 451). We estimated seropositivity by wave and participant characteristics, accounting for sampling weights, nonresponse, and design effects. We found that 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.7%, 6.4%) of Spain's population was infected by June and 3.8% (95% CI = 3.5%, 4.1%) more by November 2020. Both genders were equally affected. Seroprevalence decreased with age in adults 20 years and older in the second wave; socioeconomic differences increased. Health care workers were affected at 11.1% (95% CI = 9.0%, 13.6%) and 6.1% (95% CI = 4.4%, 8.5%) in the first and second waves, respectively. Living with an infected person increased infection risk to 22.1% (95% CI = 18.9%, 25.6%) in the first and 35.0% (95% CI = 30.8%, 39.4%) in the second wave. ENE-COVID characterized the first 2 pandemic waves, when information from surveillance systems was incomplete. (. 2023;113(5):533-544. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307233).

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10088950PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307233DOI Listing

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