Molecular Mechanisms of Resistance to Ceftazidime/Avibactam in Clinical Isolates of and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Latin American Hospitals.

Ceftazidime-avibactam (CZA) is the combination of a third-generation cephalosporin and a new non-β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor capable of inactivating class A, C, and some D β-lactamases. From a collection of 2,727 clinical isolates of ( 2,235) and P. aeruginosa ( 492) that were collected between 2016 and 2017 from five Latin American countries, we investigated the molecular resistance mechanisms to CZA of 127 (18/2,235 [0.8%] and 109/492 [22.1%] P. aeruginosa). First, by qPCR for the presence of genes encoding KPC, NDM, VIM, IMP, OXA-48-like, and SPM-1 carbapenemases, and second, by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). From the CZA-resistant isolates, MBL-encoding genes were detected in all 18 and 42/109 P. aeruginosa isolates, explaining their resistant phenotype. Resistant isolates that yielded a negative qPCR result for any of the MBL encoding genes were subjected to WGS. The WGS analysis of the 67 remaining P. aeruginosa isolates showed mutations in genes previously associated with reduced susceptibility to CZA, such as those involved in the MexAB-OprM efflux pump and AmpC (PDC) hyperproduction, PoxB (), FtsI (PBP3), DacB (PBP4), and OprD. The results presented here offer a snapshot of the molecular epidemiological landscape for CZA resistance before the introduction of this antibiotic into the Latin American market. Therefore, these results serve as a valuable comparison tool to trace the evolution of the resistance to CZA in this carbapenemase-endemic geographical region. In this manuscript, we determine the molecular mechanisms of ceftazidime-avibactam resistance in and P. aeruginosa isolates from five Latin American countries. Our results reveal a low rate of resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam among ; in contrast, resistance in P. aeruginosa has proven to be more complex, as it might involve multiple known and possibly unknown resistance mechanisms.