A comprehensive proteomics analysis of the response of to nanoceria cytotoxicity.

The increased commercial use and spread of nanoceria raises concerns about the risks associated with its effects on living organisms. Although may be ubiquitous in nature, it is largely found in locations closely linked with human activity. san ai was used as a model organism for a deeper understanding of the interaction between biomolecules of the bacteria with this intriguing nanomaterial. A comprehensive proteomics approach along with analysis of altered respiration and production of targeted/specific secondary metabolites was conducted to study the response of san ai to nanoceria. Quantitative proteomics found that proteins associated with redox homeostasis, biosynthesis of amino acids, and lipid catabolism were upregulated. Proteins from outer cellular structures were downregulated, including transporters responsible for peptides, sugars, amino acids and polyamines, and the crucial TolB protein of the Tol-Pal system, required for the structural formation of the outer membrane layer. In accordance with the altered redox homeostasis proteins, an increased amount of pyocyanin, a key redox shuttle, and the upregulation of the siderophore, pyoverdine, responsible for iron homeostasis, were found. Production of extracellular molecules, e.g. pyocyanin, pyoverdine, exopolysaccharides, lipase, and alkaline protease, was significantly increased in san ai exposed to nanoceria. Overall, nanoceria at sublethal concentrations induces profound metabolic changes in san ai and provokes increased secretion of extracellular virulence factors, revealing the powerful influence this nanomaterial has on the vital functions of the microorganism.