AI Article Synopsis
- - COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and T cell responses are crucial for fighting the disease and developing immune memory.
- - A study evaluated T cell responses in 166 patients with varying severities of COVID-19 at diagnosis and again two months later, revealing changes in T cell counts and activation.
- - Results showed that while moderate/severe patients’ T cell counts normalized after two months, critical patients had significantly increased CD4 EMRA T lymphocyte levels, but both groups exhibited delayed T cell activation and reduced suppressor T cells.
Article Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). An adequate T cell response is essential not only for fighting disease but also for the creation of immune memory. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the T cells of patients with moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 not only at the time of illness but also 2 months after diagnosis to observe whether changes in this compartment persist. In this study, 166 COVID-19 patients were stratified into moderate/severe and critical disease categories. The maturation and activation of T cells were evaluated through flow cytometry. In addition, Treg cells were analysed. Until 15 days after diagnosis, patients presented a reduction in absolute and relative T lymphocyte counts. After 2 months, in moderate/severe patients, the counts returned to a similar level as that of the control group. In convalescent patients who had a critical illness, absolute T lymphocyte values increased considerably. Patients with active disease did not show differentiation of T cells. Nonetheless, after 2 months, patients with critical COVID-19 showed a significant increase in CD4 EMRA (CD45RA effector memory) T lymphocytes. Furthermore, COVID-19 patients showed delayed T cell activation and reduced CD8 suppressor T cells even 2 months after diagnosis. A reduction in CD4 Treg cells was also observed, and their numbers returned to a similar level as that of healthy controls in convalescent patients. The results demonstrate that COVID-19 patients have a delayed activation and differentiation of T cells. In addition, these patients have a great reduction of T cells with a suppressor phenotype.
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