Vaccination, the transmission of "vaccine", a benign disease of cows, to immunize human beings against smallpox, was invented by Jenner at the end of the eighteenth century. Pasteur, convinced that the vaccine microbe was an attenuated form of the smallpox microbe, showed that, similarly, attenuated forms of other microbes immunized against animal diseases. When applying this principle to rabies, he realized that, in this case, the vaccine was in fact composed of dead microbes. One of his students immediately exploited this result to devise a vaccine against typhoid. The vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, in 1921, opened a new route, that of immunization with molecules from the pathogenic microbes. Molecular biology then allowed the production of the immunogenic molecules by microorganisms such as yeast, or immunization by genetically modified viruses or messenger RNA inducing our own cells to produce these molecules.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5802/crbiol.83 | DOI Listing |
Mol Plant Microbe Interact
January 2025
USDA-ARS Crop Production and Pest Control Research Unit, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States;
Most plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to circumvent host immune responses, thereby promoting pathogen virulence. One such pathogen is the fungus , which causes Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) disease on wheat and barley. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that expresses many candidate effector proteins during early phases of the infection process, some of which are annotated as proteases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAm J Clin Nutr
January 2025
Department of Nutrition, Center for Big Data and Population Health of IHM, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. Electronic address:
Background: Hippuric acid (HA), a host-microbe co-metabolite, normally derives from gut microbial catabolism of dietary polyphenols.
Objectives: We investigated the potential interplay between dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota on circulating HA levels, and examined the associations between serum concentrations of HA and cardiometabolic risk markers.
Methods: In a 1-year cohort of 754 community-dwelling adults, serum HA and its precursor [benzoic acid (BA)] and fecal microbiota were assayed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, respectively.
Lancet Microbe
January 2025
Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital-University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. Electronic address:
Background: Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) alter nasopharyngeal microbiota in adults. It is poorly understood why LAIV immunogenicity varies across populations, but it could be linked to the microbiome. We aimed to investigate the interactions between intranasal immunisation with LAIV and nasopharyngeal microbiota composition in children from The Gambia.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnviron Pollut
January 2025
Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas (CPQBA), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13148-218, Paulínia, SP, Brasil.
The use of biofuel blends with fossil fuels is widespread globally, raising concerns over novel contamination types in environments impacted by these mixtures. This study investigates the microbial functional in soils contaminated by biofuel and fossil fuel blends and subjected to various bioremediation treatments. Using metagenomic analysis, it was compared hydrocarbon degradation functional profiles across areas polluted with ethanol/gasoline and biodiesel/diesel blends.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVaccine
January 2025
Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Ave, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
The development of safe and effective mucosal vaccines are hampered by safety concerns associated with adjuvants or live attenuated microbes. We previously demonstrated that targeting antigens to the human-Fc-gamma-receptor-I (hFcγRI) eliminates the need for adjuvants, thereby mitigating safety concerns associated with the mucosal delivery of adjuvant formulated vaccines. Here we evaluated the role of the route of immunization in the mucosal immunity elicited by the hFcγRI-targeted vaccine approach.
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