Centerline depth world for left atrial appendage orifice localization using reinforcement learning.

Left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion (LAAO) is a minimally invasive implant-based method to prevent cardiovascular stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Assessing the LAA orifice in preoperative CT angiography plays a crucial role in choosing an appropriate LAAO implant size and a proper C-arm angulation. However, accurate orifice localization is hard because of the high anatomic variation of LAA, and unclear position and orientation of the orifice in available CT views. With the major research focus being on LAA segmentation, the only existing computational method for orifice localization utilized a rule-based decision. Nonetheless, using such a fixed rule may yield high localization error due to the varied anatomy of LAA. While deep learning-based models usually show improvements under such variation, learning an effective localization model is difficult because of the tiny orifice structure compared to the vast search space of CT volume. In this paper, we propose a centerline depth-based reinforcement learning (RL) world for effective orifice localization in a small search space. In our scheme, an RL agent observes the centerline-to-surface distance and navigates through the LAA centerline to localize the orifice. Thus, the search space is significantly reduced facilitating improved localization. The proposed formulation could result in high localization accuracy compared to the expert annotations. Moreover, the localization process takes about 7.3 s which is 18 times more efficient than the existing method. Therefore, this can be a useful aid to physicians during the preprocedural planning of LAAO.