-Infected Sand Fly Bites Enhance Mast Cell Degranulation.

parasites infect mammalian hosts through the bites of sand fly vectors. The response by mast cells (MC) to the parasite and vector-derived factors, delivered by sand fly bites, has not been characterized. We analyzed MC numbers and their mediators in BALB/c mice naturally infected in the ear with through the bite of the sand fly vector and compared them to non-infected sand fly bites. MC were found at the bite sites of infective and non-infected sand flies throughout 48 h, showing the release of granules with intense TNF-α, histamine, and tryptase staining. At 30 min and 48 h, the MC numbers were significantly higher ( < 0.001) in infected as compared to non-infected bites or controls. Neutrophil recruitment was intense during the first 6 h in the skin of infected and non-infected sand fly bites and decreased thereafter. An influx of neutrophils also occurred in lymph nodes, where a strong TNF-α stain was observed in mononuclear cells. Our data show that MC orchestrate an early inflammatory response after infected and non-infected sand fly bites, leading to neutrophilic recruitment, which potentially provides a safe passage for the parasite within the mammalian host.