Thousand cankers disease (TCD) is a new deadly disease in walnut trees ( spp.), which is plaguing commercial plantations, natural groves, and ornamental black walnut trees () in their native and invasion areas in the US and, more recently, in artificial plantations and amenity trees in the newly-invaded areas in Europe (Italy). This insect/fungus complex arises from the intense trophic activity of the bark beetle vector in the phloem of spp. and the subsequent development of multiple cankers around beetles' entry/exit holes. After an analysis of the main biological and ecological traits of both members of this insect/fungus complex, this review explores the options available for TCD prevention and management. Special focus is given to those diagnostic tools developed for disease detection, surveillance, and monitoring, as well as to existing phytosanitary regulations, protocols, and measures that comply with TCD eradication and containment. Only integrated disease management can effectively curtail the pervasive spread of TCD, thus limiting the damage to natural ecosystems, plantations, and ornamental walnuts.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9959596 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12020164 | DOI Listing |
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Article Synopsis
- The study investigates how photoassimilates (products of photosynthesis) are distributed in 5-year-old 'Wen185' walnut trees during their growing season using 13C isotope pulse labeling.
- Results showed that between 30-70 and 90-110 days after flowering, there was a higher allocation of carbon to fruits and branches, while from 110-130 days, the focus shifted to the trunk and roots.
- The findings emphasize the importance of optimizing tree structures and maintaining good material conditions during key growth periods to enhance fruit quality.
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