Genomic Islands Identified in Highly Resistant sp. HRI: A Pathway to Discover New Disinfectant Resistance Elements.

Molecular insights into the mechanisms of resistance to disinfectants are severely limited, together with the roles of various mobile genetic elements. Genomic islands are a well-characterised molecular resistance element in antibiotic resistance, but it is unknown whether genomic islands play a role in disinfectant resistance. Through whole-genome sequencing and the bioinformatic analysis of sp. HRI, an isolate with high disinfectant resistance capabilities, nine resistance islands were predicted and annotated within the genome. Resistance genes active against several antimicrobials were annotated in these islands, most of which are multidrug efflux pumps belonging to the MFS, ABC and DMT efflux families. Antibiotic resistance islands containing genes encoding for multidrug resistance proteins ErmB (macrolide and erythromycin resistance) and biclomycin were also found. A metal fitness island harbouring 13 resistance and response genes to copper, silver, lead, cadmium, zinc, and mercury was identified. In the search for disinfectant resistance islands, two genomic islands were identified to harbour genes, notorious for conferring disinfectant resistance. This suggests that genomic islands are capable of conferring disinfectant resistance, a phenomenon that has not yet been observed in the study of biocide resistance and tolerance.