Efficacy and Residual Toxicity of Insecticides on and Their Selectivity to the Predator .

We evaluated the efficacy and residual toxicity of nine commercial insecticides on and their selectivity to the predator ant under laboratory and field conditions. First, to test the insecticides' effectiveness and selectivity, we conducted concentration-response bioassays on both species and the mortalities were recorded 48 h after exposure. Next, rapeseed plants were sprayed following label rate recommendations in the field. Finally, insecticide-treated leaves were removed from the field up to 20 days after application and both organisms were exposed to them as in the first experiment. Our concentration-response bioassay indicated that seven insecticides caused mortality ≥80% of : bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, indoxacarb, spinetoram, and spinosad. However, only chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole caused mortality ≤30% of . The residual bioassay indicated that four insecticides had a long-lasting effect, causing mortality of 100% to 20 days after application: chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole, spinetoram, and spinosad. For , bifenthrin caused mortality of 100% during the evaluated period. Additionally, mortality rates below 30% occurred four days after the application of spinetoram and spinosad. Thus, chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole are safe options for management since their efficacy favor .