Cowpox viruses (CPXVs) exhibit the broadest known host range among the family and have caused lethal outbreaks in various zoo animals and pets across 12 Eurasian countries, as well as an increasing number of human cases. Herein, we review the history of how the cowpox name has evolved since the 1700s up to modern times. Despite early documentation of the different properties of CPXV isolates, only modern genetic analyses and phylogenies have revealed the existence of multiple species that are currently constrained under the CPXV designation. We further chronicle modern outbreaks in zoos, domesticated animals, and humans, and describe animal models of experimental CPXV infections and how these can help shaping CPXV species distinctions. We also describe the pathogenesis of modern CPXV infections in animals and humans, the geographic range of CPXVs, and discuss CPXV-host interactions at the molecular level and their effects on pathogenicity and host range. Finally, we discuss the potential threat of these viruses and the future of CPXV research to provide a comprehensive review of CPXVs.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13020325 | DOI Listing |
Mol Biol (Mosk)
December 2024
Gamaleya Federal Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, 123098 Russia.
Previously obtained highly immunogenic Env-VLPs ensure overcoming the natural resistance of HIV-1 surface proteins associated with their low level of incorporation and inaccessibility of conserved epitopes to induce neutralizing antibodies. We also adopted this technology to modify Env trimers of the ZM53(T/F) strain to produce Env-VLPs by recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs). For VLP production, rVVs expressing Env, Gag-Pol (HIV-1/SIV), and the cowpox virus hr gene, which overcomes the restriction of vaccinia virus replication in CHO cells, were used.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Vet Sci
November 2024
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy.
Introduction: Shelters for stray dogs and cats deserve careful monitoring for zoonotic risk, as they represent a crucial point for prevention and control of infection spread. Data sorting to prioritize zoonotic agents in a geographic area need constant updating, but no regular official programs are ongoing, to allow an efficient risk survey for these animal species. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the prevalence of certain known, potential and emerging zoonoses within the framework of the routine monitoring of dog and cat shelters in North-East Italy.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMethods Mol Biol
December 2024
Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Antiviral Res
November 2024
Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address:
Biosens Bioelectron
February 2025
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. Electronic address:
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