Friend or Foe: Symbiotic Bacteria in -Parasitoid Associations.

Parasitoids are promising biocontrol agents of the devastating fruit fly, . However, parasitoid performance is a function of several factors, including host-associated symbiotic bacteria. , , and are among the symbiotic bacteria commonly associated with , and they influence the eco-physiological functioning of this pest. However, whether these bacteria influence the interaction between this pest and its parasitoids is unknown. This study sought to elucidate the nature of the interaction of the parasitoids, , , and with as mediated by symbiotic bacteria. Three types of fly lines were used: axenic, symbiotic, and bacteria-mono-associated (, , and ). The suitable stages of each fly line were exposed to the respective parasitoid species and reared until the emergence of adult flies/parasitoids. Thereafter, data on the emergence and parasitoid fitness traits were recorded. No wasps emerged from the fly lines exposed to . The highest emergence of . and was recorded in the fly lines. The parasitoid progeny from the and fly lines had the longest developmental time and the largest body size. Conversely, parasitoid fecundity was significantly lower in the lines, whereas the lines significantly improved fecundity. These results elucidate some effects of bacterial symbionts on host-parasitoid interactions and their potential in enhancing parasitoid-oriented management strategies against .