The deterioration of groundwater quality by seawater intrusion in the Chao Phraya River Basin, Thailand.

The Chao Phraya River Deltaic Plain is the largest basin in Thailand and the second largest one in Southeast Asia after the Mekong River Delta. In recent decades, the groundwater quality in the Lower Chao Phraya River Basin in Thailand has deteriorated due to salinization caused by seawater intrusion. In the present study, hydrogeochemical and statistical methods were employed to determine the hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater and to investigate the possible sources of salinity in the study region for the years 2008 and 2020. In addition, samples were taken from precipitation, sea water, and river water to analyze their hydrochemical properties. Then, they were used as input in the "Simmr" code in the R programming language to model the hydrochemical conditions of the study area and their evolution over time. The results indicated that in the non-coastal regions, water-rock interaction (mineral weathering and ion exchange), and brine/connate water infiltration affected the quality of the groundwater. However, the seawater intrusion was limited only to the coastal regions. Furthermore, the groundwater quality deteriorated from 2008 to 2020. Finally, using stepwise regression in the R language, the salinity of the groundwater was simulated and compared with the measured salinity data. The results obtained by the stepwise model were in close agreement with those obtained from the hydrochemical studies. This study confirmed seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifer as well as the deterioration of groundwater quality over time. To slow down this process and to achieve sustainable conditions, groundwater extraction should be reduced in the study region.