Property enhancement of epoxidized natural rubber nanocomposites with water hyacinth-extracted cellulose nanofibers.

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have been widely used as reinforcement in various polymer matrices; however, limited studies of the use of CNFs in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) have been reported. Here, we successfully prepared CNF-reinforced ENR nanocomposites with superior mechanical performance. CNFs were disintegrated from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) using high-pressure homogenization, and ENR nanocomposites with CNFs were fabricated by initial mixing and hot pressing. The crosslink densities of the nanocomposites with CNFs were higher than that of the neat ENR. Due to stronger interfacial interactions between the hydroxyl groups of the CNFs and the functional groups of the ENR, stress could be efficiently transferred from the ENR matrix to the stiff CNFs, resulting in a significant increase in the mechanical properties. Compared with those of the neat ENR, the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the ENR nanocomposites were improved by 80 and 39 %, respectively, with the incorporation of 2 parts per hundred rubber (phr) CNFs, whereas no loss in elongation at break was observed. The introduction of CNFs also improved the oil resistance of the nanocomposites. Therefore, CNFs could be the potential reinforcing agent in the ENR nanocomposites used in the various engineering applications of the rubber material.