Pediatric bronchial Dieulafoy's disease with bronchial artery embolization: two case reports.

Background: Bronchial Dieulafoy's disease (BDD) is a vascular malformation characterized by the presence of a dysplastic artery in the bronchial submucosa. It is very rare in children but potentially fatal due to life-threatening hemoptysis.

Case Description: An 8-year-old boy and a 6-year-old girl were referred to our hospital with recurrent moderate to massive hemoptysis. Intraluminal protrusions with a tendency to bleed were found by bronchoscopy in both patients. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) revealed an abnormal bronchial artery in one patient and a small intraluminal nodule with contrast enhancement in the other. An enlarged bronchial artery and bronchial-to-pulmonary fistulae corresponding to the lesion site were detected by bronchial arteriography in both patients. Based on the radiological findings, the diagnosis of BDD was established. Subsequent bronchial artery embolization (BAE) was successful, and no recurrence of hemoptysis was observed during the 15- to 18-month follow-up.

Conclusions: Our cases highlighted the importance of considering BDD in the context of hemoptysis and endobronchial protrusion in children. Bronchial arteriography plays a critical role in diagnosis, especially in cases where CTA does not reveal vascular malformations. Early identification is essential as biopsy is contraindicated. BAE may be an appropriate treatment to improve the prognosis of children with BDD.