Although the new generation of vaccines and anti-COVID-19 treatment regimens facilitated the management of acute COVID-19 infections, concerns about post-COVID-19 syndrome or Long Covid are rising. This issue can increase the incidence and morbidity of diseases such as diabetes, and cardiovascular, and lung infections, especially among patients suffering from neurodegenerative disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and ischemia. There are numerous risk factors that cause COVID-19 patients to experience post-COVID-19 syndrome. Three potential causes attributed to this disorder include immune dysregulation, viral persistence, and autoimmunity. Interferons (IFNs) are crucial in all aspects of post-COVID-19 syndrome etiology. In this review, we discuss the critical and double-edged role of IFNs in post-COVID-19 syndrome and how innovative biomedical approaches that target IFNs can reduce the occurrence of Long Covid infection.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2022.0193 | DOI Listing |
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Methods: We identified which participants with long COVID also met the Institute of Medicine (IOM) or the 2003 Canadian Consensus Criteria (CCC) for ME/CFS at approximately 6-8 months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in two cohorts: (1) the JHU COVID Recovery cohort, which enrolled participants within 4 weeks of infection and (2) the Long-term Impact of Infection with Novel Coronavirus (LIINC) cohort, which enriched for participants with long COVID. Neither study administered ME/CFS-specific surveys, so available data elements were mapped onto each ME/CFS diagnostic criteria.
Objective: To explore the lived experiences and extent of cognitive symptoms in Long COVID (LC) in a UK-based sample.
Design: This study implemented a mixed-methods design. Eight focus groups were conducted to collect qualitative data, and the Framework Analysis was used to reveal the experiences and impact of cognitive symptoms.
Subphenotypes of Long COVID and the clinical applications of probiotics.
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January 2025
School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia. Electronic address:
As the number of infections and deaths attributable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection continues to rise, it is now becoming apparent that the health impacts of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may not be limited to infection and the subsequent resolution of symptoms. Reports have shown that patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection may experience multiple symptoms across different organ systems that are associated with adverse health outcomes and develop new cardiac, renal, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and nervous conditions, a condition known as Long COVID or the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). This review provides insights into distinct subphenotypes of Long COVID and identifies microbiota dysbiosis as a common theme and crucial target for future therapies.
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Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) are a diverse set of symptoms and syndromes driven by dysfunction of multiple organ systems that can persist for years and negatively impact the quality of life for millions of individuals. We currently lack specific therapeutics for patients with PASC, due in part to an incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis, especially for non-pulmonary sequelae. Here, we discuss three animal models that have been utilized to investigate PASC: non-human primates (NHPs), hamsters, and mice.
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School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
Background: Long COVID (LC) is characterized by persistent symptoms at least 3 months after a SARS-COV-2 infection. LC has been associated with fungal translocation, gut dysfunction, and enhanced systemic inflammation. Currently, there is no approved treatment for this condition.
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