singlet state filtered nuclear magnetic resonance: towards monitoring toxic responses inside living organisms.

In line with recent paradigm shifts in toxicity testing, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a powerful tool for studying the biological impacts and perturbations caused by toxicants in living organisms. However, despite the excellent molecular insights that can be obtained through this technique, NMR applications are hampered by considerable experimental challenges such as poor line shape and spectral overlap. Here, we demonstrate the application of singlet-filtered NMR to target specific metabolites and facilitate the study of metabolite fluxes in living , an aquatic keystone species and model organism. Informed by mathematical simulations and experiments on organisms, singlet state NMR is used to monitor the flux of metabolites such as d-glucose and serine in living , during the environmentally relevant processes of anoxic stress and reduced food availability. Overall, singlet state NMR is shown to have significant future potential for studying metabolic processes .