Developing functionalized nanomaterials with strong chemiluminescence (CL) properties is highly significant for ultrasensitive bioanalysis. Here, we report chitosan (CS), luminol, and Co-functionalized flower-like gold nanoparticles (Co/CS/Lum/AuNFs) with strong CL for the label-free sensing of the HCV core protein (HCVcp). The Co/CS/Lum/AuNFs exhibited a greatly enhanced CL emission at around 425 nm, which is 50 times stronger than that of CS/Lum/AuNFs, and is superior to other commonly reported CL nanomaterials. The HCVcp aptamer (HCVcp-apt) further functionalized the surface of the Co/CS/Lum/AuNFs through electrostatic interactions blocked the Co catalytic site, depressing the CL. Owing to the high affinity of HCVcp for the HCVcp-apt, the presence of HCVcp predominated its binding and effectively separated the HCVcp-apt from the surface of the Co/CS/Lum/AuNFs, so that the CL intensity was significantly enhanced. As the results showed, the HCVcp-apt/Co/CS/Lum/AuNFs were successfully used to detect the HCVcp in human serum samples with a linear range from 0.50 ng mL to 1.00 μg mL, a detection limit of 0.16 ng mL and an excellent selectivity over other analogs. The strategy is universal for the development of the ultrasensitive detection of other proteins in the field of early disease diagnostics.
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