Fungi-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles: characterization process and agricultural applications.

In the field of nanotechnology, the use of biologically active products from fungi for the reduction and synthesis of nanoparticles as an alternative to toxic chemicals has received extensive attention, due to their production of large quantities of proteins, high yields, easy handling, and the low toxicity of the residues. Fungi have become valuable tools for the manufacture of nanoparticles in comparison with other biological systems because of their enhanced growth control and diversity of metabolites, including enzymes, proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, and other macro-molecules. The ability to use different species of fungi and to perform the synthesis under different conditions enables the production of nanoparticles with different physicochemical characteristics. Fungal nanotechnology has been used to develop and offer products and services in the agricultural, medicinal, and industrial sectors. Agriculturally, it has found applications in plant disease management, crop improvement, biosensing, and the production of environmentally friendly, non-toxic pesticides and fertilizers to enhance agricultural production in general. The subject of this review is the application of fungi in the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, characterization, and possible applications of fungal nanoparticles in the diverse agricultural sector. The literature shows potential uses of fungi in biogenic synthesis, enabling the production of nanoparticles with different physiognomies. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.