Electronic Retinal Prostheses.

Retinal prostheses are a promising means for restoring sight to patients blinded by photoreceptor atrophy. They introduce visual information by electrical stimulation of the surviving inner retinal neurons. Subretinal implants target the graded-response secondary neurons, primarily the bipolar cells, which then transfer the information to the ganglion cells via the retinal neural network. Therefore, many features of natural retinal signal processing can be preserved in this approach if the inner retinal network is retained. Epiretinal implants stimulate primarily the ganglion cells, and hence should encode the visual information in spiking patterns, which, ideally, should match the target cell types. Currently, subretinal arrays are being developed primarily for restoration of central vision in patients impaired by age-related macular degeneration (AMD), while epiretinal implants-for patients blinded by retinitis pigmentosa, where the inner retina is less preserved. This review describes the concepts and technologies, preclinical characterization of prosthetic vision and clinical outcomes, and provides a glimpse into future developments.