While efforts have been made to increase maternal health care (MHC) utilization and decrease neonatal mortality in Tanzania, much remains to be known about the effect of dependency (particularly on reproductive policy changes) on the use of MHC and neonatal health over time among varying socioeconomic groups. This study applied dependency theory to cross-sectional secondary data (collected by the Tanzania Demographic Health Surveys between 1991 and 2016) to investigate period-based changes in MHC and neonatal mortalities in Tanzania. Results from the data analysis found that while neonatal mortalities were decreasing in Tanzania (from 1991 to 2016), the odds of neonatal mortality were still greater in 2016. Also, a decline in the recommended skilled delivery assistance and 4 + antenatal care visits occurred in the data period. A significant increase in socioeconomic inequality around MHC use and neonatal mortality occurred during the study period as well. Policy recommendations to reduce these inequalities and move toward meeting Sustainability Development Goals for maternal and neonatal health in Tanzania are discussed.
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