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Introduction: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a neuropathic syndrome experienced by the majority of amputees. Various treatment options are available for amputees suffering from PLP including pharmacological, psychological and neuromodulation techniques. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that has proven its efficacy in alleviating PLP.

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Preoperative mapping techniques for brain tumor surgery: a systematic review.

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Accurate preoperative mapping is crucial for maximizing tumor removal while minimizing damage to critical brain functions during brain tumor surgery. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are established methods for assessing motor and language function. Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review analyzes the reliability, clinical utility, and accessibility of these techniques.

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Mean middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) and the pulsatility index (PI), at rest and in response to exercise, are important markers of cerebrovascular health status in middle-aged adults, when vascular decline assumes substantial relevance. Thus, this study aimed to describe and compare the responses of MCAv and PI to incremental exercise. Two hundred and forty-eight volunteers (50-58 years, 55% women) completed a ramp test on a cycle-ergometer.

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Background: Attention plays a central role in learning and memory processes. Prior research has demonstrated how goal-directed attention influences successful performance on both attention and working memory tasks. However, an important question remains about whether long-term memory outcomes can be reliably enhanced by targeting attention processes.

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