A series of spatio-temporal analyses and predicting modeling of land use and land cover changes using an integrated Markov chain and cellular automata models.

For sustainable land cover planning, spatial land cover models are essential. Deforestation, loss of agriculture, and conversion of pasture land to urban and industrial uses are only some of the negative consequences of human kind's insatiable need for more land. Using remote sensing multi-temporal data, spatial criteria, and prediction models can effectively monitor these changes and plan for sustainable land use. This research aims to predict the land use and land cover (LULC) with cellular automata (CA) and Markov chain models. Landsat TM, ETM + , and OLI/TIRS data were used for mapping LULC distributions for the years 1990, 2006, and 2022. A CA-Markov chain was developed for simulating long-term landscape changes at 16-year time steps from 2022 to 2054. Analysis of urban sprawl was carried out by using the support vector machine (SVM). Through the CA-Markov chain analysis, we expect that built-up area will grow from 285.68 km (22.59%) to 383.54 km (30.34%) in 2022 and 2054, as inferred from the changes that occurred from 1990 to 2022. Therefore, substantial deforestation area reduction will result if existing tendencies in change continue despite sustainable development efforts. The findings of this research can inform land cover management strategies and assist local authorities in preparing for the present and the future. They can balance expanding the city and preserving its natural resources.