Functional outcomes of pediatric hemispherotomy: Impairment, activity, and medical service utilization.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the functional outcomes of hemispherotomy in a pediatric cohort, including impairments, activity limitations, utilization of therapies and medical specialist services, and subsequent surgical intervention.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent hemispherotomy at UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh from 2001 to 2021. Data on impairments, activity limitations in mobility, self-care, and communication, and use of re/habilitative therapies and medical specialist services were collected pre-operatively and at 1, 5, 10, and 15 years postoperatively. Seizure outcomes were reported via Engel classification at the longest follow-up interval and subsequent surgical procedures were documented through the latest follow-up interval.

Results: A total of 28 patients who underwent hemispherotomy were assessed prior to surgery, 26 at 1 year post-op, 13 at 5 years, 9 at 10 years, and 5 at 15 years. Seizure outcomes at the longest follow-up interval showed that 84.6% of patients were seizure-free. Assessment of impairments to body structure & function from baseline to 1-year post-op revealed increased impairment in 73% of patients, while most patients saw no change in impairment at 5 years (69%), 10 years (100%), and 15 years (100%) post-op compared to the previous time point. Muscle tone abnormalities (100%), hemiparesis (92%), and visual field deficits (85%) were the most frequently observed impairments in the first year following surgery. Most patients saw no change in developmental or cognitive-affective impairments at 1 (65%), 5 (85%), 10 (89%), and 15 years (80%) post-op compared to the previous time point. The only qualitative reports of decreased ability occurred in 2/26 patients whose medical records indicated decreased mobility at the 1-year mark. All further qualitative reports of ability in mobility, self-care, and communication domains indicated increases or no change in ability for all patients at each of the subsequent follow-up intervals. Exploration of the utilization of re/habilitative therapy services shows that 84% of patients received at least one therapy service at baseline, 100% at1 year, 92% at 5 years, 100% at 10 years, and 80% at 15 years post-op. Patients were followed, on average (m), by multiple medical specialist services at baseline (m = 2.58) as well as the 1- (m = 1.70), 5- (m = 2.15), 10- (m = 3.00) and 15-year (m = 3.40) follow-up intervals. Following hemispherotomy, 15 (53.6%) patients required an average of 2.21 additional surgeries. Most often required was orthopedic surgical intervention (n = 16 procedures), followed by shunt placement (n = 7) and revision (n = 14) targeting hydrocephalus.

Significance: This retrospective study demonstrates expected increases in impairments such as hemiparesis and visual field deficits (i.e., homonymous hemianopia) in the context of increased activity and favorable seizure outcomes for 28 pediatric patients who underwent hemispherotomy for drug-resistant epilepsy. Most patients required rehabilitative therapies prior to surgery and continued to require these services post-operatively. Reported baseline functional status, the persistence of impairments following surgery, and comorbidities among this cohort underscore the medical complexity of this patient population and the importance of multidisciplinary care both pre-and post-operatively.