Pain education and pain management skills in virtual reality in the treatment of chronic low back pain: A multiple baseline single-case experimental design.

Chronic lower back pain is a major health problem and current treatments do not always lead to adequate pain control. Virtual reality (VR) is an upcoming technology that has shown to be effective in reducing acute pain. However, the value of VR in reducing chronic pain is still unknown. Therefore, the current study focuses on the effects of a recently developed VR application 'Reducept' using a multiple baseline single-case experimental design in 8 patients (N = 8). Reducept is a VR-training program aiming to improve pain management skills and providing pain education in patients with (chronic lower) back pain. Results based on visual and statistical analyses indicated that Reducept has the potential to reduce chronic lower back pain, although its clinical relevance was small. This study is one of the first that focuses on the possible effects of Reducept using sophisticated visual and statistical analyses. Our study shows a detailed overview of individual changes in pain intensity over time. Further research is necessary to investigate the working mechanism of Reducept and its impact on chronic pain conditions.