Super-Aerophilic Biomimetic Cactus for Underwater Dispersed Microbubble Capture, Self-Transport, Coalescence, and Energy Harvesting.

Human ocean activities are inseparable from the supply of energy. The energy contained in the gas-phase components dispersed in seawater is a potential universal energy source for eupelagic or deep-sea equipment. However, the low energy density of bubbles dispersed in water introduces severe challenges to the potential energy harvesting of gas-phase components. Here, a super-aerophilic biomimetic cactus is developed for underwater dispersive microbubble capture and energy harvesting. The bubbles captured by the super-aerophilic biomimetic cactus spines, driven by the surface tension and liquid pressure, undergo automatic transport, coalescence, accumulation, and concentrated release. The formerly unavailable low-density dispersive surface free energy of the bubbles is converted into high-density concentrated gas buoyancy potential energy, thereby providing an energy source for underwater in situ electricity generation. Experiments show a continuous process of microbubble capture by the biomimetic cactus and demonstrate a 22.76-times increase in output power and a 3.56-times enhancement in electrical energy production compared with a conventional bubble energy harvesting device. The output energy density is 3.64 times that of the existing bubble energy generator. This work provides a novel approach for dispersive gas-phase potential energy harvesting in seawater, opening up promising prospects for wide-area in situ energy supply in underwater environments.