Risk communication and risk perception along with its influencing factors in Covid-19 disease: Focusing on the Extended Parallel Process Model.

Introduction: Following the global spread of the Covid-19 infection, the Iranian government adopted measures to control the spread of the disease, but they were not applicable without the acceptance and interaction of the general population. This study used the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) components to attempt to determine risk communication and risk perception along with its influencing factors in Covid-19 disease among the population of northwestern Iran.

Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of the province. Demographic characteristics and extended parallel process model questionnaires were used to collect data, which was then analyzed based on descriptive (frequency, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (-test, analysis of variance, regression, chi-square) in SPSS-25 software.

Results: This study showed that 63.8% of the participants continually followed Covid-19 news, and 34% of participants used social media to get the news and warnings related to the Covid-19 pandemic. Among the domains of participants' risk perception for Covid-19 disease, the three domains of self-efficacy, response effectiveness and intention had the highest means compared with other domains. Significant correlations were found between risk perception and the dimensions of age, gender, marriage status, number of family members, place of residence, underlying disease, history of Covid-19, and family history of Covid-19 disease ( < 0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, self-efficacy, fear, defensive avoidance, intention, and behaviors were independent predictors of response efficacy ( < 0.001).

Conclusion: More than two years after the onset of the spread of Covid-19 disease, the risk perception of the disease among the study population was still insufficient in many areas. Risk of communication refers to the point of interaction between the government and the people, and the need to improve public trust in this issue is strongly felt.