Depressed skull fracture compressing eloquent cortex causing focal neurologic deficits.

Background: Depressed skull fractures are typically the consequence of high-impact injuries with inward buckling of the cranium. The majority of depressed skull fractures are managed conservatively in the absence of dural violation, sinus involvement, significant underlying hematoma, depressed fragment greater than 1 cm, wound infection, or gross wound contamination. Even in the presence of any of the aforementioned criteria, cranioplasty is typically considered an urgent procedure rather than a neurosurgical emergency. Rarely, a depressed fracture fragment can cause focal neurologic deficit(s) due to direct compression of the underlying eloquent cortex.

Case Description: A 40-year-old male presented to the emergency department after a mechanical fall with a left central facial nerve palsy, left hemiplegia, left hemianesthesia, and fixed right gaze deviation. The neurologic deficits observed were attributed to a combination of blunt force trauma to the head (i.e., coup-contrecoup injury) and the depressed fracture fragment compressing the underlying eloquent cortex. He underwent emergent cranioplasty with fragment elevation within 2 hours of the traumatic injury. At 6-month follow-up, he regained full neurologic function without any residual deficits.

Conclusions: Our experience highlights a rare indication for emergent cranioplasty with an excellent functional outcome attributable to immediate fracture elevation and decompression of eloquent cortex.