Background: Neuromodulative treatment for the treatment of overactive bladder has been used in clinical practice since its introduction in the early 1980s.
Objectives: Description and update of the various neuromodulative techniques (tibial nerve stimulation, sacral and pudendal neuromodulation), presentation of their effectiveness and safety, and evaluation of their evidence for clinical practice.
Materials And Methods: Literature search in PubMed and Embase, inclusion of studies according to the following criteria: evidence level, timeliness, length of follow-up and number of female patients according to the author's preference.
Results: The efficacy and safety of both percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) and sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has been proven by studies with an evidence level of 1. Long-term data of up to 20 years are available for SNM, while long-term data for PTNS are limited. Permanent implants for tibial nerve stimulation are promising new developments. Pudendal neuromodulation (PNM) is suitable for more complex indications but is surgically more challenging.
Conclusions: Both PTNS and SNM are suitable for broad application in clinical practice. PTNS can be offered as an alternative to pharmacotherapy, while SNM provides the most convincing clinical data of all neuromodulative therapies.
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