Metabolite Profiling of Wheat Response to Cultivar Improvement and Nitrogen Fertilizer.

Both genetic improvement and the application of N fertilizer increase the quality and yields of wheat. However, the molecular kinetics that underlies the differences between them are not well understood. In this study, we performed a non-targeted metabolomic analysis on wheat cultivars from different release years to comprehensively investigate the metabolic differences between cultivar and N treatments. The results revealed that the plant height and tiller number steadily decreased with increased ears numbers, whereas the grain number and weight increased with genetic improvement. Following the addition of N fertilizer, the panicle numbers and grain weights increased in an old cultivar, whereas the panicle number and grain number per panicle increased in a modern cultivar. For the 1950s to 2010s cultivar, the yield increases due to genetic improvements ranged from -1.9% to 96.7%, whereas that of N application ranged from 19.1% to 81.6%. Based on the untargeted metabolomics approach, the findings demonstrated that genetic improvements induced 1.4 to 7.4 times more metabolic alterations than N fertilizer supply. After the addition of N, 69.6%, 29.4%, and 33.3% of the differential metabolites were upregulated in the 1950s, 1980s, and 2010s cultivars, respectively. The results of metabolic pathway analysis of the identified differential metabolites via genetic improvement indicated enrichment in 1-2 KEGG pathways, whereas the application of N fertilizer enriched 2-4 pathways. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of wheat quality and grain yield developments.