The frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme thermal events are increasing and are projected to further increase by the end of the century. Despite the considerable consequences of temperature extremes on biological systems, we do not know which species and locations are most exposed worldwide. Here we provide a global assessment of land vertebrates' exposures to future extreme thermal events. We use daily maximum temperature data from 1950 to 2099 to quantify future exposure to high frequency, duration, and intensity of extreme thermal events to land vertebrates. Under a high greenhouse gas emission scenario (Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5-8.5 (SSP5-8.5); 4.4 °C warmer world), 41.0% of all land vertebrates (31.1% mammals, 25.8% birds, 55.5% amphibians and 51.0% reptiles) will be exposed to extreme thermal events beyond their historical levels in at least half their distribution by 2099. Under intermediate-high (SSP3-7.0; 3.6 °C warmer world) and intermediate (SSP2-4.5; 2.7 °C warmer world) emission scenarios, estimates for all vertebrates are 28.8% and 15.1%, respectively. Importantly, a low-emission future (SSP1-2.6, 1.8 °C warmer world) will greatly reduce the overall exposure of vertebrates (6.1% of species) and can fully prevent exposure in many species assemblages. Mid-latitude assemblages (desert, shrubland, and grassland biomes), rather than tropics, will face the most severe exposure to future extreme thermal events. By 2099, under SSP5-8.5, on average 3,773 species of land vertebrates (11.2%) will face extreme thermal events for more than half a year period. Overall, future extreme thermal events will force many species and assemblages into constant severe thermal stress. Deep greenhouse gas emissions cuts are urgently needed to limit species' exposure to thermal extremes.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05606-z | DOI Listing |
Pestic Biochem Physiol
April 2025
Department of Entomology, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA. Electronic address:
Mosquito transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels are nociceptors that can be activated by noxious heat and/or chemicals (e.g., electrophiles).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Food Prot
March 2025
School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China; Key Laboratory of Maternal & Child Health and Exposure Science of Guizhou Higher Education Institutes, Guizhou Province, China. Electronic address:
In response to physiological stress, some bacterial strains have the ability to produce spores that are able to resist conventional food heating processes and even more extreme environmental factors. Dormant spores can germinate and return to their vegetative state during food preservation, leading to food spoilage, or safety issues that pose a risk to human health. Thus, spore inactivation technology is gaining more and more attention.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFACS Appl Mater Interfaces
March 2025
Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
Materials for extreme-condition thermal insulation need to simultaneously withstand complex thermomechanical stresses while retaining their insulating properties at high temperatures. Ceramic aerogels are attractive candidates, but conventional low-entropy ceramics usually suffer from formidable grain growth with severe volume shrinkage and strength degradation, resulting in catastrophic failures. Herein, a high-entropy (LaSmGdY)ZrO (ZLSGY) aerogel is made through an element-phase design, realizing enhanced lattice distortion and sluggish diffusion effects to achieve fine-grain strengthening under extreme conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFFront Bioeng Biotechnol
February 2025
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States.
Background: Inhalation injuries, caused by exposure to extreme heat and chemical irritants, lead to complications with speaking, swallowing, and breathing. This study investigates the effects of thermal injury and endotracheal tube (ETT) placement on the airway microbiome and inflammatory response. A secondary aim is to assess the impact of localized dexamethasone delivery via a drug-eluting ETT to reduce laryngeal scarring.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMaterials (Basel)
February 2025
School of Highway, Chang'an University, South Erhuan Middle Section, Xi'an 710064, China.
In order to utilize a large amount of waste scallop shells in road engineering and develop environmentally friendly and high-performance asphalt, the impact of scallop shell powder (SSP) on the high temperature performance of base asphalt and styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS)-modified asphalt was evaluated in this study. The effects of SSP on the conventional properties of base asphalt and SBS-modified asphalt were investigated according to penetration, softening point, ductility, and rotational viscosity at 135 °C, and recommended dosing amounts were given, respectively. The high-temperature rheological properties of SSP-modified asphalt were evaluated according to temperature sweep and multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) tests.
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