School readiness among children born to women living with HIV in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a cohort study protocol.

Introduction: Children who are born to women living with HIV are at a greater risk of suboptimal neurodevelopment; however, evidence from sub-Saharan Africa is limited and functional developmental outcomes are rarely assessed in this vulnerable population. The School Readiness among HIV-Exposed Children (SRHEC) cohort study aims to assess the school readiness of preschool aged children born to women living with HIV and to identify the biological, environmental and social factors that contribute to school readiness in this population.

Methods And Analysis: The SRHEC cohort is an observational follow-up study of children born to HIV-infected pregnant women who were previously enrolled in a maternal vitamin D supplementation randomised, placebo-controlled trial in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This parent trial enrolled 2300 pregnant women and followed mothers and infants up to 1-year postpartum. Mother/caregiver and child pairs will be eligible for the SRHEC follow-up study if the child is between 3 and 6.5 years of age at assessment, and the mother/caregiver provides informed consent. The International Development and Early Learning Assessment tool will be used to assess children's school readiness, including their early literacy, early numeracy, motor, socialemotional, and executive function skills. Data on maternal and child health and nutritional status (eg, anthropometry, blood pressure and diet) will be collected using standardised instruments and survey-based questionnaires. Data on maternal/caregiver depression and anxiety, maternal exposure to intimate partner violence, and HIV-related stigma will also be collected. Generalised linear and logistic regressions will be used to assess the relationship between child school readiness and biological, social, environmental factors.

Ethics And Dissemination: This study received ethical clearance from the Tanzanian National Institute of Medical Research, the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, and the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. We will disseminate our results in the form of scientific conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications.