Background: Studies have shown an increased risk of severe SARS-CoV-2-related (COVID-19) disease outcome and mortality for patients with cancer, but it is not well understood whether associations vary by cancer site, cancer treatment, and vaccination status.
Methods: Using electronic health record data from an academic medical center, we identified a retrospective cohort of 260,757 individuals tested for or diagnosed with COVID-19 from March 10, 2020, to August 1, 2022. Of these, 52,019 tested positive for COVID-19 of whom 13,752 had a cancer diagnosis. We conducted Firth-corrected logistic regression to assess the association between cancer status, site, treatment, vaccination, and four COVID-19 outcomes: hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mortality, and a composite "severe COVID" outcome.
Results: Cancer diagnosis was significantly associated with higher rates of severe COVID, hospitalization, and mortality. These associations were driven by patients whose most recent initial cancer diagnosis was within the past 3 years. Chemotherapy receipt, colorectal cancer, hematologic malignancies, kidney cancer, and lung cancer were significantly associated with higher rates of worse COVID-19 outcomes. Vaccinations were significantly associated with lower rates of worse COVID-19 outcomes regardless of cancer status.
Conclusions: Patients with colorectal cancer, hematologic malignancies, kidney cancer, or lung cancer or who receive chemotherapy for treatment should be cautious because of their increased risk of worse COVID-19 outcomes, even after vaccination.
Impact: Additional COVID-19 precautions are warranted for people with certain cancer types and treatments. Significant benefit from vaccination is noted for both cancer and cancer-free patients.
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