is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause various life-threatening infections. Several unique characteristics make it the ability of survivability and adaptable and develop resistance to antimicrobial agents through multiple mechanisms. Heteroresistance, which is a subpopulation-mediated resistance, has received increasing attention in recent years. Heteroresistance may lead to unexpected treatment failure if not diagnosed in time and treated properly. Therefore, heteroresistant infections pose considerable problems for hospital-acquired infections. However, the clinical prevalence and implications of heteroresistance have not been reviewed. In this work, the aspects of the clinically reported heteroresistance of to commonly used antibiotic agents are reviewed. The prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical relevance of each reported heteroresistant are discussed.
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