A reduced latency regional gap-filling method for SMAP using random forest regression.

The soil moisture active/passive (SMAP) mission represents a significant advance in measuring soil moisture from satellites. However, its large spatial-temporal data gaps limit the use of its values in near-real-time (NRT) applications. Considering this, the study uses NRT operational metadata (precipitation and skin temperature), together with some surface parameterization information, to feed into a random forest model to retrieve the missing values of the SMAP L3 soil moisture product. This practice was tested in filling the missing points for both SMAP descending (6:00 AM) and ascending orbits (6:00 PM) in a crop-dominated area from 2015 to 2019. The trained models with optimized hyper-parameters show the goodness of fit (R ≥ 0.86), and their resulting gap-filled estimates were compared against a range of competing products with and triple collocation validation. This gap-filling scheme driven by low-latency data sources is first attempted to enhance NRT spatiotemporal support for SMAP L3 soil moisture.