A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests

Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php

Line Number: 176

Backtrace:

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url

File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global

File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword

File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once

New Structures, Spectrometric Quantification, and Inhibitory Properties of Cardenolides from Seeds. | LitMetric

Cardiac glycosides are a large class of secondary metabolites found in plants. In the genus , cardenolides in milkweed plants have an established role in plant-herbivore and predator-prey interactions, based on their ability to inhibit the membrane-bound Na/K-ATPase enzyme. Milkweed seeds are eaten by specialist lygaeid bugs, which are the most cardenolide-tolerant insects known. These insects likely impose natural selection for the repeated derivatisation of cardenolides. A first step in investigating this hypothesis is to conduct a phytochemical profiling of the cardenolides in the seeds. Here, we report the concentrations of 10 purified cardenolides from the seeds of . We report the structures of new compounds: 3---allopyranosyl coroglaucigenin (), 3-[4'---glucopyranosyl--allopyranosyl] coroglaucigenin (), 3'---glucopyranosyl-15--hydroxycalotropin (), and 3---glucopyranosyl-12--hydroxyl coroglaucigenin (), as well as six previously reported cardenolides (-). We test the in vitro inhibition of these compounds on the sensitive porcine Na/K-ATPase. The least inhibitory compound was also the most abundant in the seeds-4'---glucopyranosyl frugoside (). Gofruside () was the most inhibitory. We found no direct correlation between the number of glycosides/sugar moieties in a cardenolide and its inhibitory effect. Our results enhance the literature on cardenolide diversity and concentration among tissues eaten by insects and provide an opportunity to uncover potential evolutionary relationships between tissue-specific defense expression and insect adaptations in plant-herbivore interactions.

Download full-text PDF

Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9822358PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010105DOI Listing

Publication Analysis

Top Keywords

cardenolides seeds
12
seeds report
8
cardenolides
6
structures spectrometric
4
spectrometric quantification
4
inhibitory
4
quantification inhibitory
4
inhibitory properties
4
properties cardenolides
4
seeds
4

Similar Publications

Want AI Summaries of new PubMed Abstracts delivered to your In-box?

Enter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!